Cross I Lab Report

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if two selected traits of Drosophila melanogaster, dumpy wings and sepia eyes, follow Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance through the F2 generation. Materials and Methods In week one, two crosses were set up. Dumpy females were crossed with sepia males, while dumpy males were crossed with sepia females. The dumpy phenotype consisted of shorter, smaller wings while the sepia phenotype consisted of brown eye color. For these crosses, all females were virgins. These crosses were the P1 generation.These crosses were then incubated until week two. ?In week two, the parents were removed and disposed of. The eggs and larve were left to continue the cross. The crosses were left to continue to incubate until the following week. ?In week three, the flies emerging from each cross of the P1 generation were counted, separated into male and female, and then further separated into phenotype. This marked the completion of the P1 generation. The F1 cros ses were then begun. They were set up in there different ways.In Cross A, F1 females were paired with F1 males. In cross B, F1 virgin females were paired with dumpy sepia males. In the last cross, Cross C, dumpy sepia virgin females were crossed with F1 males. In crosses B and C, only virgin females were used. The virgin females used were obtained from the P1 crosses. Dumpy sepia virgins were acquired from a source outside the experiment. The crosses were left to incubate until week four. ?Week four proceeded much like week two, with the parents being removed and discarded.The eggs and larve were left undisturbed to continue the cross. They were allowed to incubate until the final week, week five. ?In the final week, week five, the flies emerging from the F2 crosses and the backcross were counted, separated into male and female, and then further separated into phenotype just as week three. The crosses were then disposed of. Results F1 x F1 Cross Raw Data Wt Dp Se dpse M F M F M F M F Table 1 26 19 8 9 7 11 2 4 Table 2 Table 3 39 43 7 10 16 25 1 3 Table 4 34 56 17 13 16 16 3 6 Total 99 118 32 32 39 52 6 13

Industrial Organisation Essay

This paper talks about the pros and cons of advertising and if it is a waste of society’s resources or not. Previously, much emphasis was not being given to advertising and the marketers used the strategy of market aggregation but in today’s world, the concept has changed and the demands of the society vary greatly because of which the advertisers have redesigned their marketing strategies in order to crater to their target market well. Media has great influence on the society and the marketers use advertising as their tool to persuade the consumers to purchase their products. Since advertising has a profound impact on the way the people understand life and their values, there are many things that the marketer must consider while promoting their products. Advertising can be simple as well as complex based on the product or service that is being advertised and it can be done on a small as well as on a large scale. To advertise, many kinds of media can be used depending on the nature and the complexity of the product. Similarly, advertising can be done for programs, causes and institutions as well besides which political advertising is also done. Since it has an indirect yet a very powerful impact on the society, ethics in advertising should always be ensured. Advertising has both pros and cons that have been discussed below. A lot of resources are consumed when advertising is done and today, it is being done everywhere and it is very difficult for the people to escape from its influence. Pros of advertising People who criticize advertising say that it is a waste of time and money and it corrupts the individuals and the society. However, advertising also has a significant potential for good and some of the benefits of advertising are mentioned below. Economic Benefits of Advertising Advertising contributes to the human development if it conforms to the moral standards and today, it is the best tool for utilizing the resources to respond to the socio-economic needs of the society. Advertising informs the people about the products that are available for their consumption based on which they can make their purchase decisions. Goddard, Lipczynski & Wilson 2009). Benefits of Political Advertising Political advertising contributes to democracy as well as it helps in economic well being of the society. It can contribute the society by letting the people know about the ideas and proposals of the parties and the new candidates who were unknown to the public previously. Cultural Benefits of Advertising Since advertising has a great impact on the media, it has the ability to exert positive influence on various decisions related to the media. Material that is intellectual and is of moral quality should be shown to the public in order to make the society better and to contribute in a positive manner. Moral and Religious Benefits of Advertising Companies are not the only ones that use advertising to market their products but advertising is also used by social institutions that also include the religious institutions that communicate messages that are not just helpful and constructive but they are also beneficial for the society and they help in motivating the people. Cons of advertising Despite of the fact of many positive areas of advertising, there are some grey areas of advertising as well. However, it would be more appropriate to say that there is nothing good or bad about advertising but it is all about the way it is being done. This tool can be used in a positive as well as in a bad way and the way in which it is used is what determines its pros and cons. Advertising harmful goods or making false assertions to exploit the human tendencies is not a good thing to do because this harms the society. (Jensen & Waldman 2005). Economic Harms of Advertising When the advertisers withhold important facts and misrepresent in the advertisements that are aired or are published in the print media, they tend to betray the people. Mostly, the advertisers not just use advertising only to inform the consumers about the product but also to persuade and to motivate them to purchase the product. Moreover, the brand related advertisement that is done can be creating serious problems as the advertisers might motivate the people to buy the product on the basis of the brand or status. It can act as an abuse for the humans and can harm the dignity of the people especially when it influences the attitudes and the values of the people through communications media. This affects the developing countries the most where most of the people are poor and these people are unable to buy everything but since advertising creates artificial wants, people are persuaded to buy the products. This makes the poor waste their resources instead of focusing only on the needs they really want to fulfill and the ones that are genuine because of which development falls behind. Governments that try to develop market economies find it difficult to function well. Harms of Political Advertising Although political advertising supports the governments in democracy but it also serves as an obstruction since the costs involved with advertising limit the political competition. Besides this, the politicians might also tend to distort the image of the other candidates by harming their reputation. Cultural Harms of Advertising The end result of advertising can be a corrupting influence on the cultural values of the people and it can harm the economic condition of the country. The main concern of the developing nations is that advertising not only dominates the people but it also manipulates them to convince them to make a positive decision. The communicators feel tempted in order to attract larger audiences that the advertisers can approach through them. Besides this, the communicators also tend to ignore the educational and the social needs of the society especially those segments that are poor and old. Moreover, stereotyping becomes common when advertising is being done and this places one group as disadvantaged when compared to their relation with the other groups. For instance, the women are being treated badly and are exploited in the advertisements. (Carlton & Perloff 2007). Moral and Religious Harms of Advertising Advertising can be morally uplifting but on the same side it can be vulgar and degrading as well as it can motivate envy and lust. Advertisers today are also showing immoral ads that they should not show to the people as the children and the under aged are also the ones who tend to view them. Pornography and violence have become common and the media is showing it without any legitimate restriction because of which the cultural norms are at stake. The darker side of the human beings is shown by people committing sins, violating rules and committing thefts and when the children and the youth watch all these kinds of things on the media, they tend to copy the people shown on the media that later disrupts the culture of the society. All this have created serious social problems and the youth and the children are being affected negatively. With this, it is apparent that advertising is playing a role of a threat to the religion and is causing many issues that fall outside the domain of the moral values and ethics. Religious themes and images are also being used by the advertises to sell their products and it is acceptable if they do this in an acceptable manner but when they cross their limits especially when they show things that are offensive or when they exploit the religion, this is when the idea turns out to be a total failure. In some cases, advertising is used by the media to promote the products and services and also to inculcate values in the people but the kind of advertising that is immoral should be strictly forbidden. Conclusion Advertising serves as a means of survival for the businesses that publish and broadcast operations as the revenue they earn from advertising is very important for them. Media is the one primary source through which the advertisers advertise and can reach their target market to deliver the message they want to. For this purpose, the advertisers make their content interesting and such that would attract the customers. Therefore, the media has a lot of dependency on the advertisers who place their ads either on the television or in the print media in the newspapers or magazines (Andreosso & Jacobson 2005). After reviewing the pros and the cons of advertising, we came to know that it can be good and bad at the same time but it is just the usage that makes it beneficial or a threat. I would therefore say that advertising is not a waste of resources if it is being done in a positive manner and by this I mean that there are some aspects that should be taken care of by the advertiser when making advertisements. Truthfulness in Advertising When advertising, the advertiser should ensure that the ad that is being made is based on truth and the ad should not mislead the people in any way. The idea of the ad should be to inform the people about the benefits and the features of the commodity but no misinterpretation should be done. The Dignity of the Human Person The people who are being shown in the ad should be treated with dignity and the women especially should not be exploited in any way. Advertising and Social Responsibility When the companies make profits, it is their duty to practice corporate social responsibility and to ensure that they are being ethical in every way. The companies should not only help in the up building of the society but they should also give messages to the public that would help in the betterment of the society. For instance, the pharmaceutical companies should give message for public awareness pertaining to safe water or typhoid.

Women in the Family Roles

As Anthony Brandt said, â€Å"Other things may change us, but we start and end with family† . (Brandt) Family is very important to each of us on the earth. However, it does not mean we all love our family and we are happy with it, as some people could not find love at home. Therefore, they do not know how to love other people. Hence, family is the first place where people learn how to love others, and it can cause great impact on people's lives. Since men and women have different kinds of personality, they take on different family roles.In my opinion, women’s role in family is more important than men’s because women put more efforts to their family, women's way of loving their children is more easily understood by the children, hence, mothers play a more important role in raising a healthy child. First of all, most working mothers put more emphasis on their family than their career. Since around the 1970s, more women entered the workforce. Nevertheless, mothers a re usually the ones taking care of the home and the children while fathers being the main breadwinner in the family.For example, If the children are sick, most of the mother will stay home to take care for the sick children rather than go to work. So, it is more likely for family matters to affect women's work schedules than men's. Most women think of their husbands and their children while they are at work or are busy working on other tasks. Even if mothers have their own career , family is still their priority. Secondly, It is easier for children to sense love from their mothers than their fathers.There are many single-parent families nowadays. The children are often depressed when their parents separate. In single-parent families, children who live with their mothers generally feel happier than those who live with their fathers. This is because women are more sensitive to other people's feelings, and thus they can better take care of their children’s emotions. Moreover, a mother has to carry her offspring within her body for approximately ten months and to go through the painful experience of delivering a baby.Women love their children more than anything else because of these experiences. In contrast, fathers usually love their children by putting more efforts on their jobs to provide for their children a better material life. Finally, mothers have more influence on children’s development than fathers do. â€Å"Mothers are more likely than fathers to encourage the development of assimilative and communion-enhancing characters in their children. (Austin and Braeger, 181) Also, â€Å"mothers are more likely than fathers to acknowledge their children's contributions in conversation. † (Leaper, Anderson, Sanders, 34) As a result, the way mothers interact with their children has more positive impact on children’s social and emotional development. Through the way mothers love their children, the children know how to love people. To su m up, women have a very important role in the family. Women care about family than anything else while men’s priority is often their career.Also, mothers’ love is more easily felt by the children. In addition, mothers’ contribution to children’s development is usually greater than fathers’. As an old Mexican quote says, â€Å"The house does not rest upon the ground, but upon a woman† . Mother is often the only person who makes children feel home although children need both parents to ensure a healthy development. A family without a mother may not be as happy and may no longer be a â€Å"family† to a child. Therefore, women have a more important family role than men do.Works CitedBrandt, Anthony. http://thinkexist.com/quotation/other_things_may_change_us-but_we_start_and_end/190848.html. ThinkExist.com Quotations Online.1 Mar 2011. 14 Apr 2011. Austin, Ann M. Berghout and Braeger, T.J. â€Å"Gendered differences in parents' encdourage ment of sibling interaction:implications for the construction of a personal premise system.† First Language. October 1990 vol. 10 no. 30 181-197. Leaper, C., Anderson, K., & Sanders, P. (1998). â€Å"Moderators of gender effects on parents' talk to their children: A meta-analysis.† Developmental Psychology, 34.

Management Styles and Impact on Employee Motivation Essay - 1

Management Styles and Impact on Employee Motivation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that being a manager brings a lot of responsibilities and using the right style of management can have a major impact on the overall performance of the teams as well as the business. There are a number of different styles of management that can be used to manage teams and each of them has a different impact on the teams and the business. There are styles which are people-oriented while others are based on projects and products alone. The style of management that is adopted by a person is dependent on the skills and knowledge of the person and also the desired result that the individual plans to achieve from the teams. Managing people at work is an essential element of any business. Human Resources Management is a specialized function by itself and requires to be managed with special care and attention. Employees are an asset to any company. A few of the types of leadership styles which are normally used include a) Authoritative leadership, b) Participative leadership, and c) Democratic. Here the main focus is on the authoritative leadership and participative leadership. Authoritative leadership is a strategy used by the managers to keep complete control of the employees. Here managers do not trust the employees and are more of authoritative figures who give orders and do not consider any views or suggestions from the employees. This approach of leadership is based on the views of Taylor and those of McGregor’s theory X and Y.

How and why did European states abandon or redefine their empires in Essay

How and why did European states abandon or redefine their empires in the 1950s and 1960s - Essay Example 15). In 1956 France passed laws that allowed elected officials in colonies to decide labor legislation. The French would continue to give sovereignty to these colonies until France many colonies in Africa their independence in 1960, and then Algeria at the end of the Algerian War in 1962. The case was different in colonial Sudan under Britain. America once supported British imperialism. However, according to White by the 1950’ the Americans came "to view controlled decolonisation as an essential element in Cold War strategy; the continuance of European imperialism would only drive nationalist movements into the arms of the Soviet Union" (p. 68). After the United States withdrew its promise to help construct the Aswan Dam due to Egypt’s increasing relationship with the U.S.S.R. the Egyptian president nationalized the canal, leading to the Suez Crisis. After the crisis and America failing to step in and aiding its allies, the U.S.S.R. accused the West as being weak and di vided. Several colonies in Africa, including the British colony Anglo-Sudan gained their independence in the following years.

Is the management of culture an ethically acceptable use of power Essay

Is the management of culture an ethically acceptable use of power - Essay Example ly, exercising given powers in a way that recognizes important issues to deal with, establishes priority areas in addition to sorting out competing values while the third aspect calls for moral evaluation where analytical skills are used in evaluating available options. These are a few aspects to consider when making value judge on whether management of culture is an ethically acceptable use of power or not. Therefore, ethical behaviour from those in authority is an important component of organizational culture given the need to be fair and just when handling different groups that interact during the operation of organizational activities (Johnson 2011). Ethical discussions about management of culture should be based on the reasons and importance of having a strong organizational culture. Strong organizational culture is an essential component that creates the necessary environment for achievement of organizational objectives, motivation of employees to be more productive in addition to enhancing management’s decision making process. Consequently, the use of power by any official should be directed towards achieving these goals (O’Donnell and Boyle 2008). Managers should not use the need for an established culture to target those who are perceived to have contradicting views on how to run the organization. Ethical decision-making should ensure that all with divergent views are accommodated into the organization. Trevino and Brown (2004) note the importance of making moral judgement by focusing on what is right and not necessarily doing what is right when making decisions that affect the organization. The authors assert that principled individuals have a high disposition to stick to their moral judgments even under pressure where they are more likely to resist pressure to behave unethically. Resistance emerging from the individuals who oppose new measures aimed at transforming existing culture or changing it completely most often frustrates managers (Secord

The Blues genre of music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Blues genre of music - Research Paper Example The blues is traditionally characterized as devil music and juxtaposed with the spiritual and gospel music that is primarily concerned with religious matters; however, its nature and influence extends well beyond any simple definition. This essay considers the nature and evolution of the blues genre through its emergence along with African Spirituals, to its presence incarnations within seminal rock and rock legends. In the original development, the Blues and African Spirituals were closely interrelated and share a common reason for emergence. It’s important to consider them in relation to each other as they eventually come to be defined in opposition to each other. When one hears the word spiritual, religion and faith come to mind. When one hears the word blues, naturally one thinks of depression and sadness. As words, spiritual and blues are almost entirely opposite from one another. However, when looked at in a musical standpoint the true definitions, going beyond just words, are actually more similar than they are different. The Spirituals and the Blues may even appear as two totally different genres of music, however these two types of music stem from the same experiences, feeling, and thoughts of the African American civilization. The Spirituals came before the Blue (Spirituals as pre-Civil War; Blues as post-Civil War), the Blues being a result of the Spirituals. Therefore it is tr ue that both the style and sound of the Spirituals and the Blues came from West African Music (Clarke 1995). The way the music was formed was through the time of slavery. Slavery is the historical background of which the Spirituals and the Blues were created. The Spirituals and the Blues are a musical expression of slaves’ determinations and strengths of survival while living in cruel time of negation. These two genera’s of music are part of a huge piece of history, a portrayal of 300 years of suffering and anguish of the life of slaves. This

Scientific Concept Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Scientific Concept Research - Essay Example The process we call recycling is the act of making used materials into other forms of materials that will benefit the end user and the environment we live in. Everyday we live on resources and produce waste after consumption. However, millions of individuals neglect these waste materials and do not realize their worth for other functions in our environment. So one question comes to our mind, why is recycling important? An old saying goes, â€Å"it’s easier said than done.† I have seen hundreds of world leaders talk about recycling, making our earth a greener place to live in etc. but they have never successfully campaigned for recycling. As soon as they newly elected officers sit on their desk, they forget about their vision and just ride along the power trip. For me, recycling is very essential to us, human beings, because it affects not only ourselves but also our future generations to come. We must preserve the beauty of our environment for our children to see as well. The thought in recycling is comparable to the thought of reincarnation in the Christian bible. As our human bodies decay and our souls depart, we are reborn into other creatures or species and form part of society in a different perspective. When we pass away, our spirit is reborn into a different being. We may be a dog, cat, or insect in the next life. Recycling does the same function through a cycle of waste to a new form of use in society. Science tries to explain the importance of recycling because our world does not have unlimited resources. By providing an alternative of producing new light from garbage, we are able to save nature and preserve it. We can compare recycling to religious practice because religion observes certain rituals and traditions to nurture their beings. Almost any church needs rituals and weekly collection (Ackerman, 1997). They collect resources and impose a â€Å"bringing back to life† of used resources such as

Firms Making Competitive Moves Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Firms Making Competitive Moves - Assignment Example This study stresses that among the advantages of being a first mover, is especially when making the exceptional initial moves in a particular market that allow a specific firm to come up with a dominant position that other businesses strain to overcome. A sufficient example of this is the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) that established a very strong bond with the officials of China in leading the Western Fast Foods, as they were the initial western restaurant that entered China first. Currently, they are still the leading firm in the rapidly growing market. Among the disadvantages, a first mover cannot be so certain about the likelihood of the customers in embracing the offerings that make the initial moves inherently risky.This paper declares that  a time a rival or even a competitor introduces a disruptive innovation that in most cases conflict the existing competitive practices for instance the emergence of online trading where the executives make informed choices from three main responses. First, they might think that the innovation could effectively replace the established offerings therefore choice on focus particularly on the traditional methods of business. Second, a firm could choose to overcome the challenge by attacking different dimension and perspective. Finally, simply a firm may decide to match the competitors’ direction of the move.  A Blue Ocean Strategy entails the creation of a new and untapped market instead of competition with rivals in an existing market.

Follow instruction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Follow instruction - Assignment Example My inspiration was the ability to control everything in my life as everything went according to my life. Simply put, I had everything going as I wished. To some extent, I even controlled my then boyfriend who we dated for approximately 6 years; throughout my campus life and after campus. Life was to change after campus when I realized that life is not about forcing things to happen but compromising on some things to gain others. My first blow was when my long time boyfriend left me after so many years of dating. He complained of the fact that I always controlled his life and I never gave him time to live his life. With time I decided to leave my home and live independently. Even after lot of advice that I was not prepared to live independently, I thought I was always right, so I moved out. It became very difficult to survive on my own especially without a job. In my mind I knew I was right. Since I was a graduate, I thought getting a job would be easy. This was the complete opposite as I struggled without a job and rent to pay. I suffered a lot in life and even opted to start drinking to seek solace. Life was getting worse by the day. I got a job later and moved out of town. It is at this juncture that my life started changing. I learnt that life is all about compromise. No person is right, and no person has the right to undermine and despise the other. With this bitter truth in my mind, I have learnt to live with all manners of people regardless of their social status, beliefs or even race. To some extent, I have changed for the better. I have moved on from my past mistakes and adopted a new lifestyle. I got married two years ago, and I have learnt to appreciate my husband whom we have a cute daughter. Conclusively, life changes play a critical role in shaping a new person. I am no longer proud and unappreciative of life’s little blessings as luck never waits for a person. I also learnt that forgiveness is vital in successful life. Forgiveness is not about

Customer Focus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customer Focus - Assignment Example Second, failure to focus on customers may be caused by poor marketing segmentation. Proper market segmentation highlights the needs of each customer and enables organizations to focus on those specific needs (Fader, 2012). Customer-focus, therefore, is impossible in instances characterized by poor market segmentation. Third, poor approaches to data mining limits the possibility of meeting customer needs. Inaccurate data affects the effectiveness of market segmentation, constraining the possibility of customer focus. The fourth cause of failure in customer focus is poor product development. Product development should focus on specific customer requirements and aim at meeting those wants at no extra cost (Fader, 2012). Organizations fail in customer focus if new product development does not take into account market trends, competitors’ actions, and user-requirements. Serving internal and external customers are similar because both need quality services and must access these services for them to continue fair dealings with the organization. However, external customers can easily give up from the organization if they do not receive excellent treatment. Internal customers may sometimes bear with the speed of operation of internal employees. Inspiring customer trust requires effective service delivery; therefore, individuals and organizations should ensure customer focus all the time by avoiding acting in ways that constrain the ability to focus on

Budgeting Process Is a Waste of Time and Valuable Resources Essay Example for Free

Budgeting Process Is a Waste of Time and Valuable Resources Essay A budget is a plan for financing an enterprise or government during a definite period, which is prepared and submitted by a responsible executive to a representative body (or other duly constituted agent) whose approval and authorization are necessary before the plan may be executed. In the case of Uganda, it is a financing plan for one year prepared by the president and approved by Parliament. Some scholars have argued that budgets are a waste of time and valuable resources. But this statement is not entirely true as the budget process has some very useful roles in public administration as shown below;- Financial control. Government needs to be able to exercise control over the ministries and departs i. e. to make sure that the ministries are keeping to plan and that necessary actions can be taken to put them back on track when needed. Government needs to have control tools to make sure that financial plans and targets are being achieved, and the best tool is the budget. The budget is a plan set out in numbers, which enables the government to exercise control. The difference between what is budgeted to happen and what actually happens is termed a variance. A favorable variance means that ministry or department is doing well while an adverse variance shows those that are not. Allocation of scarce resources. One of the biggest tasks of government is the allocation of scare resources. This is often done through the budget. Resource allocation refers to the distribution of resources, and in particular finance, from the center to peripheral levels. Because the budgetary process is often participatory, it enable the various ministries and local governments to identify their needs and present them to the centre. Programme Coordination. The budget process serves very well to coordinate government departments and ministries. It is at this budget process that the government can get to know who is doing what and at what cost. Government can for example be able to tell that water for irrigation has been covered under the Ministry of Agriculture and should therefore be omitted from the Ministry of Water and Environment. Communication. The public budget serves as a communication tool to a variety of audiences. The general public, civil society, and legislators all receive information from the budget process. Once the budget has been approved by the legislature and signed into law, the ministries and other agencies become the information recipients. Importantly, each of these actors perceives the budget differently. Budget also communicates upwards. Ministries and various agencies must prepare a budget that persuades the president that they support him and his manifesto. At this level of the process, the information in the budget document must explain why a program deserves continued support, how it meets the president’s policy priorities, and how well it is using the resources it has been given. After a ministry budget has been incorporated into the national budget the primary audience for communicating information shifts from the executive to the legislative branch of government. The primary goal at this stage is to provide information to legislature with the recommendations and analysis that serve as the basis for their decisions. Perhaps the most important purpose for public budgeting is to communicate a ministry’s intentions and performance to the citizens. The media also plays a major role in presenting budgets to the citizens. The key events in the budget processes and budget documents must serve to support a mass communication task. Successful communication helps to build legitimacy for the government and its programs. Budgeting as a Governing Tool. Public budgeting has become an increasingly central galvanizing force for both the administrative and policy side of governance. This process begins with the preparation of program-level, agency-level, and then ministry-level requests for the coming fiscal year. This budget process presents a political platform for the selection of policy choices and for the allocation of resources to support those choices. The development of a national budget provides the foundation from which to organize a coordinated response to these complex problems and needs. Financial Accountability. Reflecting its roots, the budget process provides the tools to ensure financial accountability. Legislative oversight and audit functions are important activities that provide an opportunity for ministries to demonstrate that they have complied with legislative directives. This compliance provides assurances to both elected officials and to the public that the ministry and its programs are serving the public interest. Influence on the Economy . The spending and taxation policies of the central government and local governments have economic impact. Of course, the central government, with its sh11 trillion for 2012/2013 has far more impact on the economy than billions the local governments spend. From an economist’s point of view, the budget serves the following combination of economic objectives: * funds social service programs for those in need, thus increasing the demand for private sector goods and services; * reflects tax policy that affects business and individuals; * reflects and funds the enforcement of commercial, transportation, land use and environmental regulations that affect the business climate; * funds education and other training programs that enhance the country’s human and economic resources; * funds routine purchases (like stationary) and capital projects (like Bujagali dam) that stimulate economic activity; * serves to redistribute wealth across the country’s residents; and * Supports the government as the largest single employer. Public Budgeting as Political tool. The budget process presents a series of opportunities for elected officials and interest groups. The perspectives and needs of elected officials and interest groups may fr equently contrast with the values and hopes of most public administrators. Understanding these contrasting needs is a useful key to understanding the budget process. Elected officials must respond to their constituent’s needs and demonstrate a record of leadership. MPs must demonstrate an ability to use government to solve problems in their constituencies. Survival of an MP rests on this ability. In contrast, civil servants often rely on public service and professional values to guide their sense of action and accomplishment. For example, at the ministry of finance, the minister (who is not elected) and budget analysts are primarily committed to acquiring the resources necessary to maintain the efficient and effective delivery of programs, not delivering on promises to constituents. The budget process provides leadership opportunities to bridge and reconcile these competing perspectives. The promises of an election campaign must be quickly translated into policies and programs. Campaign goals and visions must be translated into legislation and directives that can reform and reorient the ministries. The budget also provides an opportunity for the executive to engage with the legislature. When executive and legislative branches are divided, compromise is usually necessary to meet the constitutional duty shared by the Executive and legislative branches i. e the president must present a budget to the legislature and the parliament is constitutionally required to enact a budget. Waste of time. On many instances, however, budgets may appear of a waste of time when they are not adhered too. In Uganda for example, The Monitor newspaper reported that the budget for Sate House had jumped from Shs66. 1 billion approved in September last year to Shs204. 4 billion. On the day to day running, there always unforeseen consequences that governments have to cater for and often need extra resources beyond what is budgeted for. An example in Uganda was the Bududa landslides, In the US we have seen incidences such Hurricane Katrina that devastated New Orleans in 2005. But that is only a perception. Budgets play a very big role in public management and administration.

Industrialised Building System for Malaysia Public Housing

Industrialised Building System for Malaysia Public Housing The Malaysia construction industry plays an important role in generating wealth to the country and development of social and economic infrastructures and building. The industry provides job opportunities for 800,000 people which represented 8% of total workforce (CIMP, 2006). The construction industry is one of the productive sectors that constantly contribute to the economy. According to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. IBS is not new to the construction industry in Malaysia. Only it has now remerged worldwide into the 21st century as a reasonable solution to improve overall construction image and performance. The Malaysia government has spared no effort to bring IBS to the drawing tables of all professionals involved in the built environment. Based on the IBS Roadmap (2003), the IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 has been endorsed by the Cabinet of Ministers to be the blueprint document for the industrialisation of the Malaysia construction sector. This is because under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) the Government of Malaysia for the first time to introduced the Low Medium Cost Housing category (the previously it was classified together with medium cost housing category) due to the always increasing demand for housing in this category. In additional, it is to ensure that the middle low income group with salary ranging from RM1,501.00 to RM2,500.00 per month and able to own a house. However, the pricing of low medium cost housing are around RM42,001.00 to RM60,000.00 per unit only. Using IBS in this types of housing project are more suitable because high volume and stability of demand for buildings is the advantages of using IBS. Besides that, it will also reduce the selling price of low medium cost housing. The IBS is a manufactured the building components at factories (off site manufacture), will enable cost saving; safety and health; productivity and quality improvement through the reduction of labour intensity and construction standardisation. Apart from this method, it also offers minimal site wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower total construction costs. Using higher percentage of IBS in the construction of public housing and other building projects will provide better productivity, quality, and safety, especially for the total construction time saving and cost saving. IBS will contribute towards a better construction industry, as well as improve the global competitiveness of Malaysian builders. Nowadays, IBS in Malaysia become more popularity in the construction industry especially for the Government project. An early effort by the Government of Malaysia to promote usage of IBS and develop an Open Building system (OBS) concept as an alternative to conventional and labour intensive construction method has yet to make headway. According to Works Minister Datuk Mohd Zin Mohamed, the prefabricated parts will be used in all Government projects in a proposal to reduce the dependence on foreign workers. Besides that, it wills also reducing inherent social problems involving these foreign workers. The use of prefabricated parts was part of the IBS which would be adopted for all Government projects. The Government of Malaysia has ordered all government agencies carrying out development and peoples housing projects to use at least 70% IBS content in those projects. Aim A study into using IBS in the public housing in Malaysia and the popularity apply in the construction. Objectives To study the history of IBS in public housing. To study the classification of various types of IBS and apply to public housing. To identify the benefits and barriers of the IBS in public housing. To identify as a potential method to improve overall construction performance. To identify as a popularity for public housing. Hypothesis Apply IBS into public housing will be one of the better construction methods to construct the building. For the future, the IBS will become more and more popularity for construction industry in Malaysia. For the construction cost, time and quality, IBS will be the better one to control all the construction cost, to speed up the construction times and to provide high quality of components. Background Since early 1960s, IBS has been introduced in Malaysia by the use of precast concrete beam-column element and panelized system (Thanoon, 2003). Nearly, 22.7 acres of land along Jalan Pekeliling was dedicated to the project comprising seven blocks of 17-storey flats (about 3,000 units of low-cost flat and 40 shop lots). These first pilot projects are using the Danish System of large panels in a prefabricated system. The second pilot project is a six block of 17-storey flats and three blocks of 18-storey flats at Jalan Rifle Range and using French Estoit System. Apply the IBS in the construction industry will improve overall construction performance such as standardization, total quality improvement, reduce defect, waste reduction, cost saving and etc. But nothing in this world is perfect, so some barriers of using IBS in the construction industry will be the poor knowledge of install IBS, lack of guidance, lack of professional trained in IBS and etc. Based on IBS Roadmap (2003), IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 was developed and published to steer the direction of IBS implementation and promotion activities and guide the practitioners and policy makers on IBS related issues. Scope and limitation of study This paper shall identify the common types of IBS in the construction industry and apply into public housing in order to determine their impact on construction projects and popularity for the public housing. This study is part of the ongoing research appraising and analyzing how we use the IBS in construction and how many percentage of IBS are using in the construction project. Therefore, this study will include the following areas: Definition of IBS in public housing. The history of the IBS for public housing in Malaysia. Classification of IBS in Malaysia. Various types of IBS in construction industry and which one is more useful for public housing. The advantages and disadvantages of using IBS for public housing. The selling price and the popularity using IBS for public housing to the contractor. Research Methodology Literature Review In the beginning, literature review was conducted to determine an overall idea regarding IBS for public housing. This refers to collecting the latest secondary data and information from different sources which including books, journals, magazines, dissertations, conference papers, and information from the internet. These materials were used for background reading to obtain full understanding and information needed for discussion and analysis in the research. Questionnaires A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The questions will centre on the KL areas mentioned in the above objectives. A multi-option format will be designed and limited to about 30 questions, in order to obtain a high level of response. Project Plan and Schedule Chapter 1 : Introduction This chapter will include the project title, rationale of the study, scope and limitation of study, research goals and methodology. In addition, aims, objective and hypothesis of the study are included under the research goals. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will display the definition of IBS, history of IBS for public housing, classification of IBS in Malaysia, and benefits and barriers of using IBS in construction project for public housing and this literature review will base on the dissertation objectives. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter will discuss on the technique for data collection to achieve the dissertations aim and objective. Besides, it also includes the research sample and method of analysis for the feedback obtained from the respondents. Chapter 4: Data Analysis This chapter wills surveys and analysisÂÂ  the data collectionÂÂ  from the contractor, consultant and developer of people about their opinions, behaviour or knowledge. Chapter 5: Conclusion The conclusion will include summary on the dissertation from chapter 1 to chapter 4 together all the research result to present the overall findings and make appropriate recommendations. References CIDB, 2003. IBS Roadmap 2003-2010. Malaysia: CIDB. CIDB, 2003. National IBS Survey, 2003. Malaysia: CIDB. Kamar, K.A.M.,Alshawi,M. And Hamid,Z.,(2009). Barriers to Industrialised Building System (IBS): The Case of Malaysia. [pdf] United Kingdom: IPGRC. Available at: http://www.cream.com.my/publications/whitepapers/Abstract111.pdf. [Accessed 15 May2010] Mohd Rofdzi Abdullah, Kamarul Anuar Mohd Kamar, Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi, Ahmad Tarmizi Haron, Mohammed Arif, (2009). Industrialised Building System: A Definition and Concept. [pdf] United Kingdom: ARCOM. Available at: http://www.cream.com.my/publications/whitepapers/Arcom.pdf. [Accessed 05 May 2010] CHAPTER 2:Â  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter will explain in details and provide the literature review of Industrialised Building System (IBS). Besides that, it will also cover the literature review of building system. Usually, the contents of this chapter are including definitions of IBS, history of IBS in public housing, classification of IBS, types of IBS, characteristic of IBS, benefits and barriers of using IBS in public housing, IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 and IBS scoring system. 2.1 Definitions of IBS Until the present time there has been no single commonly-approved definition of IBS. IBS can be different industry players to define different things. However, there are difference resources to define the several definitions that reflected the concept of IBS and which widely accepted by the construction industry. According to CIDB Malaysia (2001) defines IBS as a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. As such, components that are being prefabricated in a controlled environment on site are also considered as IBS. While there are numerous descriptions of the IBS concept by local researchers, all of the definitions stressed on prefabrication and mass production. In other definition by Warswaski (1999), the IBS can be defined in which all building are mass produced such as walls, slabs, beams, columns and staircases either in factory or at site factory under strict quality control and minimal wet site activities. Industrialisation process is an investment in equipment, facilities and technology with the purpose of maximising production output, minimizing labour requirement and improving total quality while a building system is defined as a set of interconnected element that joint together to enable the designated performance of a building. Based on Lessing et al (2005) explained IBS as an integrated manufacturing and construction process with well planned organization for efficient management, preparation and control over resources used, activities and results supported by the used of highly developed components. Rahman Omar (2006) defined IBS as a construction system that is built using prefabricated components. The manufacturing of the components is systematically done using machine, formworks and other forms of mechanical equipment. The components are manufactured offsite and once completed will be delivered to construction sites for assembly and erection. Chung Kadir (2007) defined IBS as a mass production of building components either in factory or at site according to the specification with standard shape and dimensions and transport to the construction site to be re-arranged with certain standard to form a building. 2.2 History of IBS in Public Housing IBS in Malaysia has began in early 1960s, according to Thanoon et al (2003) when Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries, at the same time evaluates their housing development program. In the year 1964 and after their successful visit, the Government had launched pilot project on using IBS to increase the delivery time and to construct better quality and affordable houses. The first pilot project was constructed at Jalan Pekeliling in Kuala Lumpur and about 22.7 acres of land was dedicated to the project comprising four blocks of 4-storey flats and seven blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,000 units of low cost flats for the low and median income group and 40 units of shop lots. This housing project was undertaken by Gammon/ Larsen Nielsen and this project are using the Danish System of large panels in a industrialised prefabricated system. According to Thanoon et al (2003), the construction for housing project was complete from 1966 until 1968 (around total 27 months) speed up the time taken in the construction of the around RM 2.5 million casting yard at Jalan Damansara. In 1965, the Government of Malaysia launched a second project, is a three blocks of 18-storey flats and six blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,699 units and 66 units of shop lots along at Jalan Rifle Range in Penang. The housing project was honoured by Hochtief/ Chee Seng and this project are using French Estoit System (Din, 1984). This housing project was complete within 27 months. If we are mention to the two pilot projects, a performance comparison between the IBS and the conventional system has been carried in terms of cost, productivity, quality, and time. According to the research, the first pilot project incurred 8.1% higher costs than a similar building such as using conventional construction method, while the second pilot project was lower. In term of total construction speed, both of the housing project required total 27 months to complete the whole project, inclusive of time required to set up the recasting factories. The total quality of building finishes was also found to be better than the using conventional construction method. Another earliest using IBS in public housing project was at Taman Tun Sardon in Penang. These using IBS in public housing project total all about 1,000 units of 5-storey walk up flat and this project are using IBS precast component and system. The IBS precast component and system in the housing project was designed to the low cost housing by British Research Establishment and especially for the low and median income group. According to the research of Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) 2006, almost at the same time at Edmonton in North London, there are using similar system was constructed and total amount about 20,000 BRECAST dwellings were constructed throughout UK from 1964 until 1974. Based on Rahman and Omar (2006), the total all building design was very basic and quite simple and not considering the feature of serviceability such as the local or user needs to have wet toilet and bathroom. According to the CIDB (2006), many constructions in the following years using precast wall panel system. Low cost high rise residential building is one of the processes to survey that IBS was connect at first place in the construction to overcome the increasing demand for housing needs. For all that, in the earlier stage was never sustained for the industrialisation of construction. Failure of early closed fabricated system made the industry afraid of changing their construction method. The information was based on the CIDB (2005), using IBS in construction were also found not be so suitable with Malaysia climate and social practices especially for the foreign systems that were introduced during the late 60s and 70s. Introduced than in the construction market were constantly being newer and better technologies. Based on CIDB (2005), identified to be suitable to be used in our tropical climate is the wet joint systems and it was also better to using in the bathroom types which were comparatively wetter than those in the Europe. Another about 1200 units of housing using prefabrication technology were is launched by the Penang State Government in 1978. After two years later, the Ministry of Defense to be build around 2800 units of living quarters and adopted large prefabricated panel construction system in Lumut Naval Base (Trikha and Ali, 2004). Enhance the using of precast concrete system in high rise residential building during the 90s; this is because total demand for the new township has seen to increase. According to the research, Perbadaan Kemajuan Negari Selangor (PKNS) as a state Government development agency acquired precast concrete technology from Praton Haus International based on Germany to build low cost housing and high cost bungalows between 1981 and 1993 for the new townships in Selangor (Hassim et al, 2009 and National IBS Survey, 2003). It was recorded then; total around 52,000 housing units was constructed and using Praton Haus system. In Malaysian construction industry, using IBS as a method of construction is evolving. Nowadays, more local manufacturers have established themselves in the market. Many had acquired enough knowledge through technology transfer to build up own capacity in IBS technologies and this research are base on PKNS Engineering, and Setia Precast and Global Globe. The current stage of IBS used in Malaysia housing projects can be classified into four categories. It was reported that at least 21 manufactures and suppliers of IBS are actively promoting their systems in Malaysia. IBS move to the next step of the development through the establishment of IBS Centre at Jalan Chan Sow Lin, Cheras in Kuala Lumpur. Using IBS in the construction will improve the total performance and quality of construction, as well as to minimize the unskilled foreign labour in the construction industry. 2.3 Classification of Building System There are four types of building system currently available in Malaysias building system classification and this are according to Badir Razali (1998). The building system can be namely as a Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood; Cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork; the Composite building system and Prefabricated system and this four types of building system is shown as below. Each building system is represented by its respective construction method which is further characterised by its construction technology, functional and geometrical configuration. There from the four systems, are identified as IBS excluding conventional building system. Building System Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood. Cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork. Composite building system Prefabricated system Table Form Tunnel Form Panel system Frame system Box system Flow Chart 1: Type of building system in Malaysia. 2.3.1 Conventional Construction Method Conventional construction method is defined as components of the building that are prefabricated on site through the processes of timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement, and cast in-situ. This construction method is mostly built of reinforced concrete frames for conventional building. Using the wooden formwork mainly is for the traditional construction method and need take some time to construct the formwork before concreting. This construction method is much more costly for construction which is need includes total labour requirement, raw material, transportation and very importance once is low speed of construction. 2.3.2 Cast In-Situ Construction Method This cast in-situ construction method is more suitable for a country where the unskilled labour is limited. There construction method is not a using heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically and applicable to almost all types of building design. The formwork is used as a mould where wet concrete is poured into a temporary system and the temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The main objective of a cast in-situ construction method is to weed out and reduce the using traditional timber formwork, brickwork, and plastering. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximise the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel or fibreglass or aluminium that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork after finishes construct the formwork. After placing the reinforcement they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set and according to the required strength, the moulds are dismantled. The workers can be easily trained to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. These construction methods are required limited labour and it will reduce the total labour need. Its advantages over the conventional construction method include, low skill workers requirement, speedy construction, low building m aintenance, durable structure and less construction cost. 2.3.3 Composite Construction Method The main objectives of composite construction method or call partially prefabricated are to improve quality of components, reduce construction cost, and shorten total all construction time. It is used to describe a manufacturing or production strategy that selectively uses some industrialising aspects, while avoiding or postponing the use of others. The concept of composite construction method is derived from the composite nature of full industrialisation. The prefabricated construction method is combined in such a manner that the features applied could be prominently demonstrated, especially composing various works such as temporary facilities, building frames, building finishes, and equipments. 2.3.4 Prefabricated Construction Method In this prefabricated construction method, all structural elements can be standardised are prefabricated in the factory. Usually, this construction method would absorb the assembly of precast elements such as floor slabs, in-filled walls, bathrooms, and staircases into place for incorporation into the main units, columns and beams. This construction method will increase the productivity of the industry and it will reduce the amount of site labour involved in building operations. Precast building systems can reduce the time of a project if certain conditions are met. The last three construction methods (from the flow chart 1) are considered as a non conventional construction methods. These three types of construction method are specifically aimed at increasing performance of construction. Through using the better construction machinery, equipment, technology and materials and it will increase the productivity and total quality of work. 2.4 Classification of IBS According to Badir et al. (1998), IBS can be classified according to several aspects:- Classification according to structural system. Classification according to material. Classification according to relative weight of components. 2.4.1 Classification According to Structural System According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), IBS can be classified according structural systematic aspects. The IBS can be classifies into three categories such as:- Frame System. Panel system. Boxes system. Figure 1, 2, and 3 below as shows the concept of the system as classified above. 2.4.1.1 Frame System According to Badir (1998), linear and frame system is system that use main structure such as column and beam where columns and beams support all the building weight. The walls need to be light and easy to install and concrete panels are introduces as flooring element. 2.4.1.2 Panel System According to Badir (1998), in the panel system, loads are distributed through large floor and wall panels where walls support the building weight. This system is applicable to buildings which functionally require a large number of walls such as apartment house, hotel and hospital. This system is not applicable to buildings with large spans or many stories. So, this panel system is more suitable to build the public housing in the certain high storey. 2.4.1.3 Box System According to Badir (1998), the rectangular or three dimensional systems or boxes system include those systems that employ three dimensional modules or boxes for fabrication of habitable units that is capable of withstanding load from various directions due to their internal stability. 2.4.2 Classification According to Material 2.4.2.1 Timber The timber have a two types of prefabrication which is ready-cut plus shop fabrication of joints this mostly for the columns and beams and another is structural panels where there are only for walls and floors without columns and beams. 2.4.2.2 Brick and Block work Laying of brick or block work are carried out in a mass at factory and transported to site or on site construction. Besides the, building are under construction in the form of panel and then erected. 2.4.2.3 Steel Steel construction essentially contains factors of prefabrication which is one of the criteria of IBS. Elements are jointed by welding, riveting or bolting on site. The large proportion of the strength to the weight allows a long-span or high-rise building. 2.4.2.4 Reinforced Concrete There are two basic directions in development of reinforced concrete IBS component which is panelised components such as walls and floors and precast frame members such as columns and beams. The characteristic of reinforced concrete has high degree of availability, low material cost, durability, and fire resistance. Jointing at site is the key issue of this system. 2.4.3 Classification According to Relative Weight of Component The IBS components can be classified according to their relative weight as show in Table 1 below. Relative to weight of components should be used as a basic for building classification due to the factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of components and has influence on the production method of the components and their erection method on site. No General System System Production Material 1 Frame System Light weight frame Wood, light gage metals Medium light weight frame Metal, reinforced plastics, laminated wood Heavy weight frame Heavy steel, concrete 2 Panel system Light and medium weight panel Wood frame, metal frame and composite material Heavy weight panel (factory produced) Concrete Heavy weight panel (tilt up-produced on site) Concrete 3 Box system (modules) Medium weight box (mobile) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Medium weight box (sectional) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Heavy weight box (factory produced) Concrete Heavy box (tunnel produced on site) Concrete Table 1: Building system classification according to relative weight of component. (Majzub, 1977) 2.5 Types of IBS and Apply to Public Housing According to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a construction process that using techniques, products, components, or building system which involve prefabricated components and on-site installation. Base on the structure aspects of the system, IBS can be identified into five major groups such as:- Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems Precast concrete elements are the most common type in this area. There are precast concrete for columns, beams, slabs, walls, lightweight precast concrete, and permanent concrete formwork. This all item are consider using precast method. Besides that, it is also consist of 3D components such as balconies, staircases, toilets, lift chamber, refuse chambers and etc. This precast method is more famous for the construction industry, especially for the public housing when construct using the IBS. Using this method can saving the total construction time if compare to the conventional method. Steel Formwork Systems This is the system formwork which designed by manufacturer to replace a conventional timber formwork. It can be described as a mould which the wet concrete can be poured into the mould and form the required shape. These steel formworks systems are subjected to structural quality control and generally involve site casting. So, this type of IBS method is considered as the low level or least prefabrication in the construction industry. However, this steel formwork systems does offer fast construction and construction time saving and at the same time will provide high quality of finishes with less site labour and material requirement. These steel formwork systems will include table forms, tunnel forms, tilt-up systems, beam and columns moulding forms and permanent steel formworks like metal decks and etc. This steel formwork system also one of the famous system used by the contractor during the construction. Steel Framing Systems These steel framing systems have always been the popular choice and used extensively in the fast track construction projects and this system commonly used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns and beams. Current stage of development in this type of IBS includes the increased usage of light steel trusses. It is consisting of cost-effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections. Nowadays, this method is more useful for the housing project, especially for the steel roof trusses (show as below figure 6). This is because the timber roof trusses need the labour to take some time to construct it and lastly need the anti-termite for the timber roof trusses. Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems These prefabricated timber framing systems is using the timber in the construction industry for construct the building. Usually the timber framing system are consists of timber building frames and timber roof trusses (show as below figure 7). While the steel framing systems have been the more popular choice on construction industry, but the timber roof truss system also have its own market where it is offering interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts. This prefabricated timber framing system we can see in the traditional building. Block Work Systems By using this effective alternative system, the tedious and time-consuming traditional brick laying tasks are greatly simplified. The construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionize

Freedom Of Expression Vs Censorship Policy Media Essay

Freedom Of Expression Vs Censorship Policy Media Essay That leads to the question: Is freedom of expression the opposite to censorship policy? Based on my understanding in Broadcasting Act 1988, Ive to disagree with the statement because freedom of expression and censorship policy are both essential to a countrys development and growth. Censorship policy is a necessity to media because contents that are published through the media must always be checked and filtered in order to prevent harmful and misleading contents to reach the public. Examples are sex-related scenes, violence and gore scenes, and some to the extent of causing racial controversy among the people. It is true that the contents found in media are not 100% true and authentic; However if too much truth and info are exposed to the public, then how certain are we that the public are ready to accept all the facts? Secondly, freedom of expression is essential for a democratic country to grow and develop succeedingly without the abuse of power. Freedom of expression also allow different views and opinions to be voiced out to the public and a country such as Malaysia that has citizens of diverse race, religion, and culture can share their beliefs and be more aware. In addition, freedom of expression has many beneficial effects to society. Freedom of expression also opens opportunity for citizens to take part in decision making of the country such as the rights to vote. Furthermore, citizens can voice out their thoughts and opinion freely without being judged. We refer to freedom of expression rather than freedom of speech because it is more accurately conveyed that it does not have to be words that is said but by the acts that we did. However, freedom of expression may cause harm to others and if it is not controlled properly, libel and slander might occur and conflict will happen. A good example will be the case of Wee Meng Chee aka Namewee that has caused a racial controversy by putting a video of our national anthem with racial slur in it. So this is why freedom of expression should be controlled even though it is necessary for a democratic society. As we can see, freedom of expression and censorship policy synchronizes together and a democratic country could not grow with just one and without the other. That boils up to the point, is all this restriction and limitation really necessary and needed? I will say its very important to be able to balance both freedom of expression and censorship policy. We need to have strong moral values in order to be able to filter contents that are useful and contents that may be harmful and malicious. We the people of the country are actually the cause of all the conflict and controversy that has happened in our nation. As long as we are not educated with proper moral values and ethics, there will always be issues regarding censorship policy and freedom expression. There is a saying: With great power, comes great responsibility. Based on that quote, I believe that both freedom of expression and censorship policy can be a very useful tool if we were to use it wisely but it can also be a very destructive weapon if we do not imply wisdom in using it. There must be boundaries and limitation concerning freedom of expression because more and more individual are starting to rise up and make a stand by voicing out their opinion. It is a good thing that we are able to listen and share different views and opinion. If freedom of expression is used with the intent of helping others and bringing unity then those kinds of acts and speeches should not be blocked and restricted. A very good example pertaining to good use of freedom of expression is the issue of Martin Luther King. Quoting from his speech, he said that we should face hostility with peace. If the public can have a mature and rational thinking like Martin Luther King then freedom of expression can lead to a good thing. The government should control the public from delivering hate speech but they shouldnt restrict and stop the public from expressing honest opinion or we as a nation would always be distorted and blinded with lies. The case of Irene Fernandez has sparked up a very sensitive issue among the public. Irene Fernandez published a report on the living conditions of the migrant workers entitled  Abuse, Torture and Dehumanized Conditions of Migrant Workers in Detention Centres and she was detained and charged for maliciously publishing false news. Do you think it is fair for a woman that merely defended the rights of migrant workers to be under the longest trial in Malaysia history? Malaysia is recognized as a democratic country with variety of races, religion, and culture and Malaysia supports freedom of expression but the charge of Irene Fernandez has bring about confusion to the public. It is said that we have the freedom of expression but the arrest of Irene Fernandez has proven that we do not really have the freedom of expression rather it is just a cover up done by the government. We the people make the government so henceforth if we can grow to be a wise and developed society, then freedom of expression and censorship policy can be a channel for us to share beliefs and opinion without worrying that conflicts might spark. I will end this essay with a question. Can our voices be heard fairly despite all this restriction and limitation?

Free Hamlet Essays: Essay on Hamlet the Hero :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlet the Hero There are various ways to define a hero. There is an endless amount of people who are heroes. A hero can be, "one who exhibits courage and/or daring," a hero can be, "one who is supremely noble or self-sacrificing," a hero can be a champion or a winner. A hero can save the day, or even save your life. A hero can be that normal person you see just walking down the street. According to either of these definitions, Prince Hamlet can definitely be identified as a hero. For his words and actions, clearly exhibit such label, and give one the right and reason to say so. "But two months dead-- †¦my poor father’s body†¦why she married with my uncle, My father’s brother, but no more like my father†¦Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears†¦But break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue" Hamlet painfully moans to himself. It is clear at the beginning of the play that Hamlet was suffering—emotionally. It hurt him to see his mother marry so soon after his father’s death and Hamlet felt alone since no one else seemed to feel his pain and be mourning with him. It’s safe to conclude that Hamlet had a commendable and upright relationship with his father whom he admired. Unless one was not as courageous or as confident as Hamlet, we would’ve complained and tried to ruin the marriage. Prince Hamlet on the other hand, showed heroic skills by putting others first. He kept his pain to himself and didn’t want to cause any difficulties with the townspeople or family. He shows this self-sacrifice ability once again when King Claudius tried to convince him to stay at home, rather than going away to school. He says "You are most immediate to our throne†¦For your intent In going back to school in Wittenberg, It is most retrograde to our desire, And we beseech you, bend you to remain Here in the cheer and comfort of our eye." Queen Gertrude reinforces that request when she said, "Let not thy mother lose her prayers, Hamlet. I pray thee, stay with us. Go not to Wittenberg." Even though the young Prince Hamlet felt more at home and comfortable with his friends at school in Wittenberg, he respectfully replied, "I shall in all my best obey you, madam." "Lady, shall I lie in your lap†¦I mean, my head upon your lap†¦That’s a fair thought to lie between a maids’ legs" Hamlet outrageously says to Ophelia, as he was anxiously awaiting for the play to finally begin.

Theory of Evolution :: essays research papers

1809 February 12 - Charles Robert Darwin born at The Mount, Shrewsbury. 1818 - Darwin entered Shrewsbury School. 1825-27 - 22 October Darwin matriculated at Edinburgh University where he studied medicine but operations (without anesthetics) and the sight of blood turned him from that profession. 1827-31 - 15 October Darwin was admitted to Christ's Colledge, Cambridge University, to prepare for a career in the Church. He accepted the Articles of Faith. 1829 Summer - Darwin made an entomological tour of North Wales with Professor F. W. Hope. Darwin's interest in 'bugs and beetles' was longstanding. 1831 - 26 April Darwin received his BA degree. In Spring he began planning a scientific voyage to Canary Islands. 1831 August 29/30 - Darwin received an invitation to serve as unpaid naturalist on the survey ship H.M.S. Beagle, which was to travel around the world. At this point Darwin had no formal training in science. 1831 December 27 - The H.M.S. Beagle sailed from Devonport, England 1832 September 23 - Darwin made his first important fossil find, notably various extinct mammals. 1832 December 16 - Darwin had his first sight of 'Indians' of Tierra de Fuego. 1835 March 26 - Darwin is bittn by Triatoma infestans. 1835 September - Darwin studied geology and the fauna, and flora of Galapagos Islands. Here he made detailed observations, eventually noting of the now-famous 'Darwin's finches' as well as the Galapagos tortoises. 1835 December - Darwin wrote his first known draft of his paper on theory of formation of coral reefs. 1836 October 2 - The H.M.S. Beagle finally returned to England and docked at Falmouth, England. 1837 March 13 - Darwin lives at 36 Great Marlborough Street, London. 1837 May 31 - Darwin read his paper on coral reefs to the London Geological Society 1837 July - Darwin 'Opened first notebook on Transmutation of Species.' 1837 October - Darwin began work leading to Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, published 1840-1843, 5 volumes. 1838 September 28 - Darwin started to read Malthus, and later claimed to have formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection. 1838 November 11 - Darwin propooses marriage to Emma Wedgwood. 1839 January 1 - Darwin moves to 12 Upper Gower Street, London. 1839 January 24 - Darwin elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. 1839 January 29 - Charles Robert Darwin married Emma Wedgwood - Marry, Marry, Marry.

Countrywide Financial

Countrywide Financial: The Subprime Meltdown Course:| MAN3065| | Team or Group #:| 8| Date submitted:| 02/27/13| Reference#:| 726077| | Term:| 2012-2| | Days:| M & W| | Time:| 7:05pm – 8:20pm| | Prof: | Hoa N. Burrows, CPA| Countrywide Financial: The Subprime Meltdown Questions: 1. Are subprime loans an unethical financial instrument, or are they ethical tools that were misused? We believed subprime loans are ethical tools that were misused.Subprime loans involve â€Å"lending to borrowers, generally people who would not qualify for traditional loans, at a rate higher than the prime rate† (Ferrell et al 385) meaning that it is a financial instrument in which borrowers benefit from accessing capital that otherwise would have been denied to them, and financial institutions benefit from charging a higher interest. What made subprime loans so attractive was the fact that it enabled low-income individuals and minorities (no qualifies for regular loans) to have access to home ownership.In the right hands, in the right time, a subprime loan could signify an important tool for different minorities to improve the quality of their lives by obtaining financing for more than just home mortgages but also school tuition, for example (Iacono). However, as the Countrywide Financial case illustrates, there is wide misuse of this tool by institutions that engage in indiscriminate lending for the sake of short-term profits at the risk of major financial downturn, as in the 2008-2009 financial crisis. Ferrell et al 388) Moreover, while lending money to low-income and minority families justifies a higher interest rate due to the risk of debt default, lending money to families that would very unlikely be in the capacity to fully repay their mortgage is a threat to both the financial institution – who would had lost the invested money – and the borrowers who would be forced to face foreclosure; but even more threatening were the endless securities backed on these subprime loans, whose real risk were only known by Countrywide Financial.By deciding to lend money indiscriminately, this company ended up misusing a financial instrument that would have otherwise brought on progress for its customers and the company itself. 2. Discuss the ethical issues that caused the downfall of Countrywide Financial Different ethical issues caused the downfall of Countrywide Financial including unethical actions of both the company and the borrowers. Firstly, Countrywide Financial misused the adjustable rate mortgage (ARM): Borrowers were told that they would not get negatively affected with an increasing interest rate as the value of their property would increase accordingly.Nonetheless, when the recession came many of these borrowers discovered they were unable to pay. (Ferrell et al 386). Secondly, between many of the accusations against Countrywide, two of the main ones were that â€Å"real estate appraisers began to inflate the value of homes to ens ure that loans would go through. † (Ferrell et al 387), and that they had a special VIP discount mortgage programs for high-end well qualified individuals who had no need for discounts, called â€Å"Friends of Angelo†, Angelo Mozilo’s – Countrywide Financial CEO -friends including Senator Charles E. Schumer and Representative Henry A.Waxman. (Ferrell et al 390) Fourthly, Countrywide Financial was negligent in knowingly â€Å"giving out highly risky loans to people who could not afford them for the sake of quick profit† (Ferrell et al 389) which also brought out the question of whether the company was also involved in predatory lending – misleading its borrowers. (Ferrell et al 389) On the other hand, borrower’s actions were also unethical as it was proven they were dishonest in their loan applications: â€Å"90% of liar loan applicants knowingly overstated their income, with three out of five overstating it by at least 50%. However th is fact only seems to prove that Countrywide was helping borrowers falsifying information in order to secure the loan. (Ferrell et al 389) 3. How should Bank of America deal with potential ethical and legal misconduct discovered at Countrywide Having acquired Countrywide Financial’s debt and bad reputation, Bank of America should focus on disconnecting itself from previous affiliates that were a part of the former company during their financial meltdown, such as ex CEO Angelo Mozilo, ex COO David Sambol, and ex CFO Sieracki (Ferrell et al 392).In addition to this they should make sure that the required information is being promptly provided to pertaining authorities. Moreover, Bank of America should ensure that a proper risk management policy is set up, continuing as well with programs to ease loan terms and prevent borrowers from losing their homes, such as the Countrywide Comprehensive Home Preservation Program which helped consumers refinance their debt. Ferrell et al 388) In conclusion, Bank of America should continue with their current actions whilst making sure the authorities are getting the information necessary to reach the bottom of what really happened at Countrywide Financial, and thus prevent this situation from ever happening again. . Works Cited Ferrell, O. C. , John Fraedrich and Linda Ferrell. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason: South-Western, 2011. Iacono, Tim. â€Å"Iacono Research†. One-Third of Student Loans Are Subprime Loans. 04 02 2013. 22 02 2013 .

Christian Reflection Paper Essay

saviourian Tradition dustup exposed me to the Christian Tradition ground on Biblical and perform history. The run by taught me the differences and similarities of Christian Tradition from former(a) major demesnely concern religions. I learned rough the deduction of paragon, saviour, the divine marrow and the three well-nigh based on the teachings of the Bible. The division similarly briefly covered 2,000 years of church history but with emphasis on the impact of the Council of Nicea, Council of Chalcedon, and washbowl and Charles Wesley on Christianity. The professor emphasized the grandeur of the reformation that sparked a revolution in the church.The course began by distinguishing Christianity from other major world religions twain in similarities and differences. Major religions included Judaism, Buddhism, and Taoism more(prenominal)over to name a few. All religions atomic number 18 similar in that they imagine in a higher power. They have doctrines and teachings approximately salvation and a code of care for living. Christianity is unique in that the pile conceptualise in theism. Theism is the legal opinion that matinee idol cr finished the world and actively rules over and cares for the world. Christians alike be falsehoodve in deism which is the belief that perfection is ab move in the world that he created but allows his creation to develop with manoeuvre interference and no revelation or miracles. A nonher belief that makes Christianity special is the belief in pantheism. Pantheism is the belief that beau ideal and constitution is one and the same. All these distinctions make Christianity the well-nigh unique religion compared to other major religions.The course emphasized the significance of immortal. God created the earth, heavens and living creatures of the world. God in do-gooder created the jump populate on earth, pass and eve who bought sin into the world. God is set ab come on to his children or me ss that believe in him. He is caring, eternal and infinite. He reads us to trust him and ask him for pity when we sin. His concede ways are revealed in multiplication 3 when he looks for disco biscuit and Eve after they ate the forbidden apple. He still seeks to have a blood with them even though they sinned. God banished him from the tend of Eden (Genesis 323) in swan to discipline them extinct of love and for Adam and Eves own pastime so they cant eat from the tree of life. We know God done his bless(prenominal)ings and good intentions. He wants the best for hischildren and does everything out of love. savior is Gods word of honor that was sent to earth to be crucified on the cross for the peoples sins. The antecedent for his have a bun in the oven is because of all the corruption and monstrous of the people. the Nazarene is significant in that he is the answer to salvation and entrance to heaven. savior is the Messiah and also claims his own plan of attack as th e Messiah in the youthfulfound Testament. The peoples religious belief in delivery boy promises rescue and the key to heaven. Without the termination and resurrection of Jesus, the prophecy of the Messiah could non be fulfilled and mans destiny would remain a mystery. Jesus refers to himself as the light of the world ( privy 812) because nefariousness does non lie within him. Jesus is God in benignant form because Jesus possesses forgiving characteristics in the Bible. Jesus faced temptation, pic and hunger when Satan tried to take a leak Jesus to sin in Matthew 4. His significance is observed on Christmas which marks the birth of Jesus of Nazareth in the city of Bethlehem.The three existence of God is the Holy odor. The Holy center is the facial expression of truth, love, life and power. He is co-existent, co-eternal, and co-equal with God and Jesus. The Holy Spirit is sent by God through Jesus to reprove the world of sin and localise the church for Christs return. Jesus verbalize before he ascends into promised land that he exit send the blow and Counselor. The Holy Spirit enters our mettles when we gauge about a truth. He is the spirit of God and his role is to guide us to on the path to God.God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit together are called the Trinity. The Trinity describes the three-in-one genius of three soul joined by the closest ties of love and ordinary social function to appear as one. The role of the come is sovereign king and eternal buff of our souls. The role of the son or Jesus is the savior and teacher. The role of the Holy Spirit is the empowerer and evangelist. All these roles have equal a mystical element that describes the Trinity or another name is Godhead. To understand the Trinity, God is the sunniness that shines while Jesus is the rays of the sun and the Holy Spirit is the warmth that is matte up from the sun. All personalisedities are equal and combined together called the Trinity.The role and purpose of the church service is to create a community of people who believe in the same combine of God. The Church is a foundation of the trust in God. The Church allowed people to commix on common grounds and retrace the words of God. The place of worship do people feel accountable because they were in it together. The Church raised the importance of solicitation and spirituality because that is how one communicates to God. The Church emphasizes fellowship, dedication to the faith, selflessness. The Church gives power to the Christian people because they are a group and not individuals anymore.One of the most important events in church history includes the Council of Nicea. The branch Council of Nicea happened in 325 and involved the first gathering of Christian bishops and the popish Empire not as enemies but as allies. The bishops wanted to knead the dispute over Arianism. Arianism is the belief that Christ was more than human but something less than God. Arianism taught the people that Jesus was created being get over to God while the bishops believed Jesus was fully divine and fully human at the same time. The Emperor Constantine summoned the Council of Nicea in severalize to agree on a universally accepted definition of Jesus Christ. As it turned out, the gathering did not situate the dis intellect between the Arianist and the bishops for another degree centigrade they battled for supremacy.It wasnt until the Council at Chalcedon in nowadayss Turkey that the church fathers reason that Jesus was completely and fully God. They resolute that this this total man and this total God was one completely customary person (1990, Shelley, p. 11). Jesus unites both personality and characters of human and divine into one person. The Council of Chalcedon established an agreement of who Jesus is. Jesus was a normal being, bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh, he could fulfill every demand of Gods moral law, and he could affirm and die a real demoliti on (1990, Shelley, p. 11). On the other hand, since he is also God, Jesuss death on the cross was capable of fulfilling Godly righteousness. The Council of Chalcedon was practical as a result of the first Council of Nicea. The Council of Nivea paved the way for the orthodox or conventional understanding of Jesus Christ.The rehabilitation began after Johann Guttenberg invented printing from movable type. His new process sparked a revolution in society and in the church because books were produced in large numbers and at degrade prices. Literacy and education stretch as more Bibles were printed, as more people became readers and as readers demanded more books. As a result, not plainly did scholars and monks have access to a Bible, the common people did as well. In the Church, Gutenbergs invention make the renewal possible because the reformation was in some ways a battle of books and pointing out errors in someone else.The renewal began in 1517 when Martin Luther posted his th eses on the door of the rook Church in Wittenberg. Martin Luther was a source monk who demanded for radical changes in the tainted church. He was against the church who granted forgiveness called indulgences in return for monetary sacrifices from the people. Luther believed baptism is the only indulgence necessary for salvation and believe in God alone will save oneself. He basically said indulgences do not remove guilt, pope could not God, and the pope could only ask for his own forgiveness. Luther eventually attacked the church with his 95 Theses that described all the wrong deportment of the church. Luther represented Christian freedom and the courageousness to honor no power other than the power of the Word of God (1990, Gritsch, p. 37). Luther was the throttle valve that bought on a chain response of events that tore Western Europe away from the Roman Catholic Church.The Reformation tattered the long-established unity of Western Europe and spread into smaller and refo rmed religious groups. The Reformation marked the recruitment of Protestantism such as Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, and Anabaptist to name a few. If not for the Reformation, people today would all be Roman Catholic who is ruled by the Pope and there would not be denominations in the Church. There would not be a Bible present in schools or homes and scripture would not be taught. The Reformation basically spitted the Church and its impact was drastic in the Christian Tradition.John and Charles Wesley were two ordained ministers whose conversion to the faith has made a great impact of Christianity. John and Charles Wesley werebrothers who lived by good works and not by faith in Jesus until they converted. John experienced a personal conversion within himself after his hit from Georgia when he felt his heart warmed. Charles experienced Pentocost on May 21, 1738 and authenticated his experience in his journal that the Spirit of God chased away the darkness of my disbelief (1990, Gree n, p. 44). Charles wrote six to seven-thousand hymns and preached over 40,000 sermons to recumb people such as blacken miners and commissioners.The Wesley brothers lives continued to ingrain the church such as the Wesleyan denominations that was still comprised of Wesleys teachings. Their teachings emphasized upon preaching, clear of small prayer groups that called attention to duty and community, and the concern for the poor and oppressed people. John and Charles highlighted the role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer and the church. They stressed the importance of literature and education in the common man and even formed legion(predicate) colleges and seminaries. One great example is the easterly Nazarene College which is a Wesleyan educational school.Overall, the course effectively taught me the key elements in Biblical events and Church history. In addition to learning about the Christian faith and what God has to offer to me, I was introduced to the most imp ortant major events in church history that made an impact on Christianity today from Luthers Ninety-Five thesis that sparked the Revolution to John and Charles Wesleys conversion. The course emphasized the impact of these events and how it has shaped Christianity to perish what it is today. I did not have anterior knowledge about Christianity but I learned more than I anticipate to gain from the course.ReferenceGreen, R.J. (1990). John & Charles Wesley intimacy Conversions. Christian History, 28, 11.Gritsch, E.W. (1990). Luther Posts the 95 Theses. Christian History, 28, 35-37Shelley, B.L. (1990). The First Council of Nicea. Christian History, 28, 11.

Understanding Nourishes Belonging

Understanding nourishes be. A lack of mind prevents it. Belonging is not a exclusively act. For belonging to exist there moldiness be some facilitation on the sides of cardinal separate parties. Belonging hinges on how these parties make an grounds of each other. Many of Emily Dickinsons poems reflected the difficulty which she take ind upon attempting to word a affiliateion with her edict.Her regions in My letter to the existence and I had been hungry all in all the geezerhood twain initially st ruggle with belonging to their family, and resolve these issues through establishing a sensory faculty of scaning the physiqueer with her peers and the latter with herself. Similarly, the token(a) character in Shaun suntans acclaimed picture book, The disordered occasion beats itself estranged in a manhood that is uninterested of things it shadowernot understand. This lack of thought stems from the smart sets softness to reconcile with that which is different, and the garbled thing ultimately must locomote to a sanctuary where it is understood and accepted.The composers of each textbook underscore their ideas using powerful imagery, with symbols and illustrations commonplace features of all three. Understanding facilitates the development of belonging, and this cannot perish unless individuals go bulge of their air to forge connections with the larger field. The look-alike in Dickinsons My Letter to the man attempts to do this on a massive scale, addressing her garner a metonymy for her entire body of work to a world that is dismissive of her. The piece makes it go that she is writing to a party that neer wrote to me, which suggests feelings of isolation.These feelings atomic number 18 turned around upon the validation of a connection with the fictional characters countrymen based on the personas contend of nature, which is personified and described here with a regal and majestic spectator. It is due to this love that she allows herself to ask them to judge kindly of her. The personas adoration of Nature is express clearly through the ardent rendering of Her in the fourth line. The juxtaposition of the words, cutting tool and majesty is striking, and impresses upon readers a sense of both natures gentle beauty and its powerful reign through bulge the world.Nature is a commonality between the persona and the society from which she feels alienate thus, by penning this letter and reaching out, the persona come upons a way of belonging in her society facilitated by an pinch based on their vulgar respect for nature. In another of Dickinsons poems, she addresses the possibility that by pursuing an sympathy of belonging, an individual can come to experience that feeling within their own self. The persona of I had been hungry expresses a lust that has spanned years, a hunger symbolising the subjective human need for belonging.Dickinson employs imagery associated with nutrient and eating th roughout the poem, in care with this extended metaphor. The persona is given the fortune to sample the plenty. The personas hesitance and apprehension in doing so are evident, as she trembling pull the table near. The persona is stupefy by the curious wine and comes to discover that this particular type of belonging isnt for her. This discovery is emphasised in the metaphor in the second stanza, Like berry of a mountain bush/Transplanted to the street.The juxtaposition of the berry, a thing of nature, and the semisynthetic road signifies the jarring feeling the persona is experiencing. In the end, the persona finds that, the entering takes forward. By engaging with the possibility of belonging, very much like their counterpart in My Letter to the World, the persona conversely finds that it isnt for her, and instead comes to the understanding that she was more booming in her own place. Lack of understanding, specially of things that are foreign to us, and how it acts as a o bstruction to belonging is a field explored extensively in Shaun burns The mazed Thing.A boy discovers a creature and takes it on a journey through the industrialised conglomerate that takes no heed of it. The confounded Thing is stolon discovered on a edge its striking red shade and natural-looking render instantly convey to the reader how out of place it is in respect to its instead colourless, angular surround. The confusion and uncertainty that the wad who let on the Thing are epitomised in the narrators lines It just sit down there, looking out of place. I was baffled. In the end, their search for the Lost Things place, take them to a bizarre place, where all sorts of lost things have gathered.Far away from the wider societys inability to comprehend the Lost Things existence, here it can assimilate into a world where its features are far less likely to visage particular notice. Throughout the book, a happen visual motif appears in the form of a white, wavy arrow. It initially evades notice much like the Lost Thing in its society up until it becomes pertinent to the story as a home run leading the two main characters to the world that the Lost Thing eventually finds a home in.Much like Dickinsons personas, it is by making the attempt to find a place of belonging that the Lost Thing is able to navigate away a society that does not understand it into one(a)ness that does. Societys comprehend indifference and its associated unwillingness or inability to understand play an integral government agency in the My Letter to the World personas cognition of belonging. Whether this perception is the truthfulness is not made clear however, by playing on the insecurities of the persona this perception exacerbates her inability to belong.The persona makes it clear that she is alienated by the wider world through the line, Her imageed object is committed/To hands I cannot correspond. As she is not privy to the content of this letter, she is th erefore not part of this understanding that is shared by the wider community. The idea that this is passed by hands that she cannot see is also satisfying it gives the connotation that there is a barrier between the persona and the rest of the world, and until she tie this barrier and shares in the understanding, she cannot belong.Through My Letter to the World, Dickinson expresses the idea that understanding is perhaps the distinguish to belonging between individuals and groups. Similarly, in The Lost Thing, a lack of understanding gives way to the absence of belonging, and a appetite on the part of the wider society to thrum rid of that which the misunderstanding originates from. The society of Tans book is unable to connect and interact with the objects they cannot accept into the drab surroundings of their day to day liveliness.The societys misguided attempts to categorise everything in their world is embodied in the Federal surgical incision of Odds and Ends. Tan parodies government mottos by inventing one for his invented federal department, sweepus underum carpetae. The pseudo Latin suggests that the segments purpose is goose egg more than to sweep things under the rug. An imperative, Dont Panic, follows the caput finding that the order of day-to-day life is unexpectedly interrupted? on the Departments advertisement, and is indicative of the entire societys attitude to things that seem out of place. The Lost Things invisibleness in its society is highlighted by the belittled size with which it is depicted against the cityscape. On one of the last pages, Tan poses a serial publication of illustrations in which it appears as though the understand is panning out from a tram to a view of several, then of hundreds this impresses upon readers how easy it is to go unnoticed in the face of societys lack of care and understanding.An understanding thus cannot be reached between the Lost Thing and its environment, prompting its search for one where thi s is possible. An understanding between individuals and groups is imperative to a sense of belonging. Both Dickinsons poems and Tans picture book compass point the struggles to belong that can transpire from a lack of understanding and also depict the happy reality that results from newfound understanding.